ERB-APA #15 |
Mike Moody, in Part Four of his "How Old Is Tarzan?" says his research shows automobiles were a possibility in 1893. No one denies this, but were there automobiles such as those described by ERB in existence then?
1893 Duryea |
JMM / ERB-APA #17
- "who is doing the describing"? You have the actual events as they occur in 1893.
- Then you have a second-generation story related to Edgar Rice Burroughs, the narrator, in England in 1910.
- Then you have a third-generation story in which Edgar Rice Burroughs, the narrator, related to Edgar Rice Burroughs, the author, in Chicago before December 11, 1911.
- Then you have a fourth-generation story when Edgar Rice Burroughs, the author's, manuscript is edited by Thomas Metcalf and presented to us in the October 1912 issue of All-Story Magazine.
- My research indicates that the car descriptions are provided by Edgar Rice Burroughs, the author from Chicago. Not Tarzan. Nor, Edgar Rice Burroughs, the narrator from Virginia. The author from Chicago was a huge car lover.
The All-Story Magazine |
As I have pointed out many times. It was the regular habit of Edgar Rice Burroughs, the author from Chicago, to insert his true life experiences into the Greystoke chronicles. The chronicles in turn were provided by Edgar Rice Burroughs, the narrator from Virginia. You yourself pointed out a good example of Edgar Rice Burroughs, the author, inserting his true life experiences in John Carter's chronicles in ERB-DOM #13.
As all sports fans know American football was developed from rugby, a game played in England. Princeton and Rutgers played the first game between colleges at New Brunswick, NJ on November 6, 1869. Therefore, the only time John Carter could have seen football games was between 1876 and 1886 when he returned to Earth from Barsoom and resided at his home on the Hudson. Although possible, it is very unlikely. Edgar Rice Burroughs, the narrator's, descriptions tend to show that John Carter remained in recluse most of this time.
William Morrison Electric Carriage |
1890 New York City |
As you will notice, all these little changes are background descriptions. They play no real part in the story outside of giving descriptions of time. If you changed those descriptions to sixteen years earlier you are going to have the same exact story as told by Edgar Rice Burroughs, the author. Yet, if one accepts the 1888 birth date of Tarzan, which is printed in Tarzan Of The Apes, one can not accept the lunar eclipse in Jungle Tales of Tarzan, or all the events in The Son Of Tarzan.
Frank Frazetta |
JFR / ERB-APA #14
"The American Automobile", by Ralph Stein, states "Frank Duryea is traditionally acknowledged to be the first man to drive an American car in an American town - 1893, in Springfield, Mass." The illustration shows a buggy-like car with a tiller. As Stein points out, "It was the appalling condition of American roads - or to be more exact, the lack of roads - that dictated the design of the early American car." It was 1902 when R.E. Olds of Lansing, Mich. became the first mass producer of motorcars. These had bicycle-like wheels, and a tiller and could reach a top speed of 20mph. If one could afford it he could purchase a four-cylinder European car, but they were neither suited to the horrors of American road conditions nor the crude ministrations of blacksmith mechanics.
Frank Duryea |
JMM / ERB-APA #17
At this point, John's research and mine are already starting to follow different trails. "The World Book Encyclopedia," says that in 1805, Oliver Evans demonstrated the first American motor vehicle in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In the following years, other American inventors developed steam carriages but they soon lost out to the electric cars. Thomas Davenport of the U.S. built a working model of an electric-powered vehicle in 1836. Other inventors improved electric cars and by 1900, they became the most widely used type of the automobile.
1898 De Dion Tricycle (1st mass-produced mc 1896-1901 in France) |
1886 Pioneer |
At the Columbia Exhibition in 1893 at Chicago, Illinois the company showed an electric lighting vehicle fitted with a ten-hp engine, three small two-hp cars, a two-point five-hp car, a six-hp fire pump, a motor boat with a 1ten-hp engine, and two and three-hp Daimler engines. In June 1893 William Steinway wrote to Daimler about the sensational success of these first vehicles in America, pressing him to visit Chicago to demonstrate his cars and explain their construction.
1885 Gottlieb Daimler |
The first American car manufacturer was Duryea, although others may claim to have built a single vehicle earlier. In 1892 Frank Duryea began building an engine designed by the Pope Cycle Company, of Hartford, Connecticut. The motor was built to fit into an existing horse buggy. In the long haul, the experiment was a failure.
1893 Charles & Frank Duryea |
Frank lost his backer, Erwin F. Markham, but made a second car on his own. The second vehicle first took to the streets on September 21, 1893, in Springfield, Massachusetts. In September 1895 he formed the Duryea Motor Wagon Company, which was also based in Springfield, Massachusetts. He adopted the Benz engine and formed a British company to sell cars in the U.K. Two of his cars ran in the London-Brighton Emancipation Run of 1896.
Gasoline-Powered Car 1893 |
1893 Charles Duryea |
1896 Henry & Clara Ford |
If Tarzan left the jungle at age twenty, 1892, and married Jane at age twenty-two, 1894, the ape-man would have been in America in 1893. If you will reexamine the above research it plainly shows that automobiles are not an impossibility, no matter how unlikely, or improbable they may seem. After all, Burroughs' stories are full of the unlikeliest and improbabilities.
1893 Peugeot 3CV |
JFR / ERB-APA #14
Let us turn to Chap. XXVII of Tarzan Of The Apes. Here we read, "A taxicab drew up before an old-fashioned residence," and the passenger dismissed the 'chauffeur'. I doubt very much if even the most enterprising of Baltimore citizens would be running a taxi service with an 1873 vehicle, or if any sane person would hire one.
Taxis were virtually unknown until after the turn of the century. The taximeter cab came into use in 1898 but taxicabs didn't really prevail until 1907.
Again quoting from History Of Cars, The Encyclopedia Of The Motorcar. By 1803 a Cornish mining engineer, Richard Trevithick, had a steam road coach, capable of carrying eight passengers and running at twelve miles per hour. By 1836 Walter Hancock ran a regular service in London between Paddington and the city at a claimed twenty-one miles per hour. During the same period, Sir George Dance was operating between Gloucester and Cheltenham, carrying three thousand passengers in four months. His coaches weighed one point five tons and could do as much as ten miles per hour.
The Hound Of The Baskervilles |
JFR / ERB-APA #14
Toward the end of Tarzan Of The Apes, we find Cecil Clayton driving a "huge touring car" which "quickly whirled away through the dense northern woods toward the little farm...". I still find it difficult to visualize" a huge touring car" with bicycle-like wheels and a tiller. And how could it 'whirl' through the mud roads and wood trails of 1893 rural Wisconsin? Then we have Canler with his "purring six-cylinder.".Six cylinders in 1893?
Early Oldsmobile with a curved dash. |
JMM / ERB-APA #17
Most of the above-mentioned descriptions are twisted to suit John's personal opinions, and no rock-hard proof one way or another. For example, The World Book Encyclopedia says, "By 1830, English steam carriages carried up to fourteen passengers each. But many people objected to the snorting monsters, which frightened horses and children and ruined roads." Seems to me if you got huge in 1830 you can have huge in 1893.
Artist Unknown |
1908 Naiper |
JFR / ERB-APA #15
The Encyclopedia Americana tells us that, in 1902 the Locomobile became the first car to display a four-cycle, water-cooled, front-mounted engine. Also "The trend toward large cars came out in 1903. In 1905 French cars came out with side doors. This being the case - how was it that a closed taxicab was used in the kidnapping of the Greystoke baby in the mid-1990s?
1904 Damlier Mfg. Company |
JMM / ERB-APA #17
This is another good undebatable fact that the master researcher brings to our attention. In The Beasts Of Tarzan, chapter one, Burroughs mentions automobiles twice.
The Beasts Of Tarzan |
- "As Tarzan leaped from the roadster that had met him at the station and ran up the steps to his London town house he was met at the door by a dry-eyed but almost frantic woman." ERB-The Beasts Of Tarzan.
- The next automobile is the well-described taxi that John refers to... "The baby's nurse had been wheeling him in the sunshine on the walk before the house when a closed taxicab drew up at the corner of the street. The woman had paid but passing attention to the vehicle, merely noting that it discharged no passenger, but stood at the curb with motor running as though waiting for a fare from the residence before which it had stopped." ERB-The Beasts Of Tarzan.
- "Just before she reached the vehicle, Carl leaped in beside his confederate, slamming the door to behind him. At the same time the chauffeur attempted to start the machine, but was evident that something had gone wrong, as though the gears refused to mesh and the delay caused by this, while he pushed the lever into reverse and backed the car a few inches before again attempting to go ahead gave the nurse time to reach the side of the taxicab.
the stranger, and here, screaming and fighting, she had clung to her position even after
the taxicab had got under way; nor was it until the machine had passed the Greystoke
residence at good speed that Carl, with a heavy blow to her face, had succeeded in
knocking her to the pavement." ERB-The Beasts Of Tarzan.
1904 Briscoe-Maxwell |
1984 London Taxi Horse Drawn |
In Chap. 3 of The Return Of Tarzan the Apeman sees Olga de Coude approaching in a limousine. It is my understanding that the word "limousine' did not come into being until 1902. It was a newly-coined French word meaning 'of Limogues.'
Going back to Tarzan Of The Apes. "A great black car came careening down the road," It was a French car driven by Tarzan. Later, the car "was plunging along the uneven road at a reckless pace." At 20 mph? I question if there were roads in rural Wisconsin, in 1893, capable of accommodating motor cars with any degree of consistency. Three motor vehicles in this unnamed hamlet at the same time would be - as Jane's father would say - most remarkable. I feel there are two questions to be answered.
1893 Peugeot Type 8 |
- How did the three cars get to Wisconsin?
- Why would anyone bring them there in the first place?
1893 Benz Viktoria |
1893 Peugeot Type 5 |
Jane's farm was some distance from a hamlet, which was some distance from a town that apparently had frequent train service. Canler wanted to take the midnight train, Clayton suggested the first train - which apparently left in the evening. One must assume arrangements had been rather quickly to have the cars shipped out as well. And yet, in Chap. XII of The Return Of Tarzan, Jane says "At the last moment he (Tarzan) determined to drive his machine back to New York." This would imply that he drove to the farm, from Baltimore. Here is a man who has just learned to drive, in France, trying to travel a thousand miles alone, in a strange country. (Personally, I wonder if he could have done it in 1911.)
John's presentation paints a pretty bleak picture of the early motorists. It almost makes you wonder how cars got a foothold. I am sure that early car transportation was often hectic, but my research indicates it was by no means impossible. Again from History Of Cars, The Encyclopedia Of The Motorcar; As early as 1878 there had been a steam wagon race in the U.S. covering two hundred one miles from Green Bay to Madison, Wisconsin. An Oshkosh won the race.
1769 Nicolas Joseph Cugnot |
JFR / ERB-APA #15
In The Return Of Tarzan, we have Countess de Coude saying, "I was but recalling with
admiration those stupendous skyscrapers, as they call them, of New York." Again referring to the Encyclopedia Americana, we are told, "the city (New York) at the beginning of the (20th) century appeared horizontal but it now began to acquire its famous vertical look." Thus - no stupendous "skyscrapers" in the mid-1890s.
1890 New York City |
JMM / ERB-APA #17
This is another undebatable fact that John points out. William La Baron Jenny designed Chicago's first skyscraper, the Home Insurance Building. It was built with an iron frame in 1884 and torn down in 1931. The oldest skyscraper in New York City is the twenty-one-story Flatiron Building on 23rd Street where Broadway crosses Fifth Avenue. Completed in 1902. It is built in the shape of a triangle.
1903 Flatiron Building |
JFR / ERB-APA #15
I find it very difficult to dismiss the date of Jane's letter to Hazel Strong. To err by 16 or 17 years, particularly when two different centuries are involved, is hard to explain.
1893 New York City |
JMM / ERB-APA #17
There is no accidental error in Jane's letter. When Edgar Rice Burroughs, the narrator, agreed to let Edgar Rice Burroughs, the author, pin Tarzan Of The Apes, The Return Of Tarzan, The Beasts Of Tarzan, Jungle Tales Of Tarzan, and Tarzan And The Jewels Of Opar it was agreed that Edgar Rice Burroughs, the author, would take steps to protect the true Greystoke's identity. Keeping his part of the bargain Edgar Rice Burroughs, the author, modernized the story by sixteen years, added obvious contradictions, added his true life experiences, etc... Thus, you have the false sailing date of 1888, the false 1908 date on Jane's letter, the modernized description of automobiles, and the purposeful mentioning of "skyscrapers", "limousine" and "chauffeur".
1882 Mills Building, New York City |
If you will note, all of these are contradictions due to modernization. None have any actual
bearing on the stories themselves. Besides these minor discrepancies, Tarzan's 1872 birth date runs hand in hand with Burroughs' provided information. Using Tarzan Of The Apes provided 1888 date you can accept the modernization, but the eclipse in Jungle Tales Of Tarzan does not occur, Korak is not Tarzan's son, The Son Of Tarzan is pinned years before the events take place, and the list goes on and on. These are major alterations that change Burroughs' presented story greatly.
1890 New York City |
About The Author
James Michael Moody is a lifelong fan and collector of Edger Rice Burroughs. Moody has contributed over two hundred articles to various ERB-related fanzines, over a span of forty-five years. He also manages an unauthorized Tarzan blog titled, Greystoke Chronologist: James Michael Moody. There the researcher chronologies the Tarzan books starting in May 1872 (known as the pushback theory) instead of the more excepted date May 1888.
James Michael Moody is also the author of the action-packed Sci-Fi fantasy adventure Unium series. Pioneers On Unium, published December 31, 2019, and Exiled On Unium, published August 25, 2022. Swordsman On Unium is going through the publishing process.
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